Taiwanese Artists

Huang Tu-shui (黃土水) - Ko Dosui {1895-1930}
Taiwan's first modern sculptor.
During his life he was selected for The Imperial Art Academy Exhibition four times.
Many of his works have disappeared due to unfavorable political circumstances in postwar Taiwan.

Source: www.lianggallery.com

Chiang Wen-yeh (江文也) - Koh Bunya {1910-1983}
He was an impressive singer, composer, poet, and writer.
Without any formal musical training, he entered the vocal music field through competitions at age 22.
In the Art Competition at the Berlin Summer Olympics (1936), he won an Honorable Mention in the category of Orchestra with "Formosan Dance."

Lin Chao-ying (林朝英) {1739-1816}
His calligraphy is known as the "bamboo-leaf style," due to its distinct and vigorous structure.
His floral paintings are also vibrant and lively.
He created his works as a member of the literati.

Source: nicecasio.pixnet.net

Lin Chueh (林覺) {1796-1850}
He was a professional painter.
His lively and amusing depictions of figures, flora, and birds were painted in an intuitive style.
He appears to have been deeply influenced by Huang Shen, one of the eight eccentrics of Yangchou.

Source: Wikipedia

Ishikawa Kinichiro {1871-1945}
He was a watercolorist and interpreter for the army.
He visited Taiwan twice, making a significant artistic impact on both occasions.
He introduced Western art to the Taiwanese public through exhibitions, art clubs, and newspapers.
He taught art in the normal schools and fostered talented students.

Source: culture.teldap.tw

Chen Chin (陳進) {1907-1998}
She was selected for the first Taiwanese Art Exhibition in the East Asian painting category.
She was known as one of "The Three Youths of Taiten".

Source: vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw

Kuo Hsueh-hu (郭雪湖) {1908-2012}
He was selected for the first Taiwanese Art Exhibition in the East Asian painting category.
He was known as one of "The Three Youths of Taiten".

Source: www.lianggallery.com

Lin Ying-kuei (林英貴) {1907-2004}
He was selected for the first Taiwanese Art Exhibition in the East Asian painting category.
He was known as one of "The Three Youths of Taiten".

Source: www.pinterest.com

Lan Yin-ting (藍蔭鼎) {1903-1979}
He was a renowned watercolorist.
He was famous for painting rural scenes in Taiwan.
His teacher was Ishikawa Kinichiro.

Source: www.chinigallery.com

Chen Cheng-po (陳澄波) {1895-1947}

Source: chenchengpo.dcam.wzu.edu.tw

Chen Hui-kun (陳慧坤) {1907-2011}

Source: www.artsy.net

Li Shih-chiao (李石樵) {1908-1995}

Source: vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw

Tateishi Tetsuomi {1905-1980}

Source: www.pinterest.com

19th Century Taiwan

1805 - Pirate Chu Feng (朱濆) attacks Tamshui landed and invaded as far as Su-ao (蘇澳) by 1807.
1806 - Conflict between the Ch'uan-chous and the Chang-chous continues several months.
1809 - Pirate Chu Feng is surrounded by the Qing navy and commits suicide.
1817 - Tamshui Government sets up a Confucian school in Hsin-chu.
1823 - Revolt by Lin Yung-ch'un (林永春).
1838 - The British enter Tamshui to trade.
1841 - English vessel comes to Keelung Harbor. More than 400 people on board are killed or taken hostage.
1853 - The Ch'uan-chous were hostile. The Chang-chous opened Ta-tao-ch'eng (大稻埕) in Taipei.

Source: blog.accupass.com

1854 - Part of Commodore Perry's fleet landed to survey coal.
1858 - Treaty of Tianjin was signed; Taiwan was forced to open its ports.
1860 - Convention of Peking was signed; ports of Tamshui and An-p'ing were opened
1862 - Tai Ch'ao-ch'un rose in revolt against the Qing.
1867 - The Rover (an American vessel) Incident broke out.
1868 - A British attempted to settle in the eastern area. British vessels attack An-p'ing.
1871 - Mu-tan Incident: 54 shipwrecked Ryukyuan sailors killed by Paiwan indigenes.
Qing government rejected the compensation demand from Japanese Government. The Qing commented: "This place is not under jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty."

Source: Wikipedia

1874 - Japan sent punitive expedition of 6000 soldiers to Taiwan in retribution for Mu-tan Incident.
1875 - Taiwan was divided into two prefectures, north and south. Bans lifted, emigration from the mainland to Taiwan encouraged. Development of eastern Taiwan promoted.
1876 - The British began mining coal in Pa-tu-tzu.
1884 - Keelung and Tamshui harbors were blockaded by the French Navy during the Sino-French War. The French occupied Penghu.
1885 - The Sino-French War ended; the French troops retreated.
Taiwan Province was separated from Fu-chien Province. Liu Ming-ch'uan (劉銘傳) was appointed the first governor.
1886 - Bureaus for tax, telegraph, tea and mine were set up.
1887 - The government began building railways.
1888 - Postal system was established.
1891 - Liu Ming-ch'uan resigned; his successor reorganized the system.
1894 - Sino-Japanese war broke out.
1895
          April 17 - Qing China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceding Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands to Japan after being defeated by the Japanese Navy.

Source: Wikipedia

          May 25 - Pro-Qing officials declared the Republic of Formosa in an attempt to resist the arrival of the Japanese. T'ang Ching-sung (唐景崧) was named president.
          May 29 - Japanese forces landed in Taiwan.
          June 4 - T'ang Ching-sung fled to China.
          June 17 - Office of Governor-General of Taiwan opened; first phase of anti-Japanese movement terminated.

1896 - January 1 - Shizangan (芝山巖) Incident: six Japanese academic officials died on duty.

1897 - May 8 - Last day of two-year "grace period" under the Treaty of Shimonoseki (totally 6397 people chose to move to mainland).

1898 - Fourth Governor-General to Taiwan Kodama Gentaro (兒玉源太郎) arrived. He appointed Gotoh Shinpei a Civil Governor.

Source: Wikipedia 

1899 - The Bank of Taiwan established to encourage Japanese investment in Taiwan. Taiwan yen was issued by the Bank of Taiwan with an exchange ratio on par with the Japanese yen.
The Taipei Medical School was established.
Taipei tap water and sewerage systems completed.
Railway construction started to directly link Keelung (基隆) to Kaohsiung (高雄).

18th Century Taiwan

1714 - A Christian priest started surveying Taiwan island.
1721 -  Rebellion of Chu I-Kui (朱一貴).

Source: hero780403.blogspot.com

1723 - Qing Government established Chang-hua (彰化) County, Tamshui (淡水) and Penghu (澎湖) sub-prefectures.
1729 - Qing Government strictly forbade emigration to Taiwan.
1730 - Settlers without families in Taiwan were ordered to return to the Mainland.
1732 - Qing forces under the administration of the Yung-cheng Emperor (雍親王) suppressed Ta-chia-hsi (大甲西) indigenous rebellion.

Source: Wikipedia

1738 - Lung-shan Temple (龍山寺) was erected in Wanhua (萬華), Taipei.

 

Source: Wikipedia

1740 - Qing Government prohibited settlers from moving their families out of Mainland.
1748 - Hakkas moved into Miao-li (苗栗).
1760 - Bans on traveling totally relaxed.
1782 - Struggle between Ch'uan-chous (泉州人) and Chang-chous (漳州人) from Fu-chien (福建) broke out in Chang-hua (彰化) and caused disturbances.
1784 - The Port of Lu-kang (鹿港) opened.
1786-1788 - Lin Shuang-wen (林爽文) rebellion was suppressed after nine months of constant battling.

Source: 140.126.176.20

1795 - Ch'en Chou-ch'uan (陳周全) rose in revolt against Qing Dynasty.

Anatomy: Body Organization

The levels of organization in the human body consist of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The smallest unit is the cell, and the largest is the organ system.

Cells

Source: ThoughtCo.

A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing.
The human body contains about 100 trillion cells.

The cell membrane forms the outside boundary of the cell.
Inside the cell membrane is a large structure called the nucleus. The nucleus is the control center that directs the cell's activities and contains information that determines the cell's characteristics. When the cell divides or reproduces, this information is passed on to the newly formed cells.
The area between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains a clear, jellylike substance in which many important cell structures, called organelles, are found.

Tissues

Source: BC Open Textbooks

A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same function.

The human body contains four basic types of tissue: muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.

Like the muscle cells that form it, muscle tissue can contract, or shorten. By doing this, muscle tissue makes parts of your body move.

Nerve tissue carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. Your brain is made up mostly of nerve tissue.

Connective tissue provides support of your body and connects all its parts. Bone is one kind of connective tissue; its strength and hardness support your body and protect its internal structures. Fat is also a connective tissue. It pads parts of your body, provides insulation from cold, and stores energy.

Epithelial tissue covers the surfaces of your body, inside and out. Some epithelial tissue, such as the outermost layer of your skin, protects the delicate structures that lie beneath it. Other kinds of epithelial tissue absorb or release substances. The lining of your digestive system consists of epithelial tissue that releases chemicals used in digestion.

Organs and Organ Systems

Source: healtharchives.info

An organ is a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue.

The heart contains all four kinds of tissue - muscle, nerve, connective, and epithelial. Each tissue type contributes to the overall job of pumping blood.

Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. Your heart is part of your circulatory system, which carries oxygen and other materials throughout the body. Besides the heart, blood vessels are organs in the circulatory system.

Homeostasis

The systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis, the body's tendency to keep an internal balance. Homeostasis is the process by which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment.

Stress

Stress is a reaction of your body and mind to threatening, challenging, or disturbing events.

• More blood goes to the brain.
• Hearing ability increases.
• Sweating increases.
• Muscles tense.
• Blood receives more energy-producing substances.
• Body cells release energy faster.
• Pupils of eyes widen to take in more light.
• Heart rate increases.
• Digestive system slows.

Fizyka: Ciepło właściwe

Source: Fizykon.org

Przyrost temperatury wody jest wprost proporcjonalny do ilości pobranego przez nią ciepła.

△T ~ Q

Ilość pobranego przez wodę ciepłą potrzebnego do uzyskania danego przyrostu temperatury jest wprost proporcjonalna do masy wody.

△Ew = Q

Q ~ m

Ilość pobranego przez ciało ciepła potrzebna do zwiększenia temperatury o tę samą wartość zależy od rodzaju substancji, z której zbudowane jest ciało.

Ciepło właściwe określa, ile energii trzeba dostarczyć, aby zwiększyć temperaturę 1kg danej substancji o 1K (o 1C). Ciepło właściwe oblicza się jako iloraz ciepła dostarczonego ciału i iloczynu jego masy i przyrostu temperatury.

c = Q / m×△T

Ilość ciepła, jaką podbiera ciało podczas ogrzewania, można obliczyć ze wzoru Q = c×m×△T.

Ilość ciepła Q pobranego przez ciało jest wprost proporcjonalna do masy ciała m i przyrostu temperatury △T:

Q = c×m×△T

gdzie c jest współczynnikiem proporcjonalności, zwanym ciepłem właściwym, charakterystycznym dla danego ciała.


Ciepło właściwe - jest to cecha substancji określająca, ile ciepła dana substancja musi pobrać, aby 1kg jej masy został ogrzany o 1K (1℃). Ciepło właściwe oblicza się jako iloraz ciepła dostarczonego ciału i iloczynu jego masy i przyrostu temperatury.

Biology: Different kinds of Mammals

Source: Mammal's Locomotion

Monotremes 

Source: World Atlas

Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs.

Marsupials

Source: San Diego Zoo

Marsupials are mammals whose young are born alive, but at an early stage of development, and they usually continue to develop in a pouch on their mother's body.

Placental Mammals 

Source: World Wild Life

A placental mammal develops inside its mother's body until its body systems can function independently.

Chemia: Kwas Węglowy

Source: Chemia - Gimnazjum

CO₂ + H₂O ⟶ H₂O₃

Właściwości fizyczne

• ciecz
• bezbarwny

Właściwości chemiczne

• nieorganiczny kwas tlenowy
• bezwonny
• nietrwały - łatwo ulega rozkładowi

Zastosowania kwasu węglowego

Przemysł spożywczy

Woda gazowana jest to wodny roztwór kwasu węglowego.

Synteza węglanów

Związki chemiczne zawierające resztę kwasową kwasu węglowego to węglany.

Medycyna

W uzdrowiskach kwas węglowy jest wykorzystywany do tzw. kąpieli kwasowęglowych leczących choroby skórne.

Laboratoria chemiczne

CO₂ + H₂O stosuje się w reakcjach chemicznych.

Chemia: Kwas Azotowy (V)

Source: Chemia - Gimnazjum

N₂O₅ + H₂O ⟶ 2 HNO₃

Reakcja ksantoproteinowa - reakcja charakterystyczna białek ze stężonym roztworem kwasu azotowego (V).

Właściwości fizyczne

• ciecz
• bezbarwny
• ma gęstość około 1.5 raza większą od gęstości wody

Właściwości chemiczne

• nieorganiczny kwas tlenowy
• ma charakterystyczny ostry zapach
• żrący
• powoduje żółknięcie białek w reakcji ksantoproteinowej
• na silne właściwości utleniające

Zastosowania kwasu azotowego (V)

Przemysł farmaceutyczny

W chorobach układu krążenia i serca jest stosowana nitrogliceryna - lek produkowany z wykorzystaniem HNO₃.

Paliwa rakietowe

Kwas azotowy (V) jest składnikiem paliw rakietowych.

Produkcja perfum

Substancje zapachowe będące składnikami wielu perfum to wytworzone w laboratoriach chemicznych syntetyczne ambra i piżmo. Do ich produkcji wykorzystuje się HNO₃.

Rolnictwo

Kwas azotowy (V) stosuje się do produkcji nawozów sztucznych.

Produkcja lakierów i farb do drewna

Biology: Mammals

Source: National Geographic

All mammals are endothermic vertebrates with a four-chambered heart, and skin covered with fur or hair. The young of most mammals are born alive, and every young mammal is fed with milk produced in its mother's body. In addition, mammals have teeth of different shapes that are adapted to their diets.

Fur and Hair

Source: Animals Australia 

All mammals have fur or hair at some point in their lives.
Fur and hair help mammals maintain a stable body temperature in cold weather.

Mammals are endotherms, which means that their bodies produce enough heat to maintain a stable body temperature regardless of the temperature of their environment.

Teeth

Source: National Geographic

Endotherms need a lot of energy to maintain their body temperature, and that energy comes from food. Mammals' teeth are adapted to chew their food, breaking it into small bits that make digestion easier.

Most mammals have teeth with four different shapes. Incisors are flat-edged teeth used to bite off and cut parts of food. Canines are sharply pointed teeth that stab food and tear into it. Premolars and molars grind and shred food into tiny bits.

Getting Oxygen to Cells

All mammals breathe with lungs.

Mammals breathe in and out because of the combined action of rib muscles and large muscle called the diaphragm located at the bottom of the chest.

Mammals have a four-chambered heart and a two loop circulation. One loop pumps oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. The second loop pumps oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the mammal's body, and then back to the heart.

Nervous System and Senses

The nervous system and senses of an animal receive information about its environment and coordinate the animal's movements. The brains of mammals enable them to learn, remember, and behave in complex ways.

The senses of mammals are highly developed and adapted for the ways that individual species live.

Most mammals have good hearing.

Most mammals have highly developed senses of smell.

Movement

Source: Animal Ark

One function of a mammal's nervous system is to direct and coordinate complex movement.

Reproducing and Caring for Young

Mammals have internal fertilization. Although a few kinds of mammals lay shelled eggs, the young of most mammals develop within their mothers' bodies and are never enclosed in an eggshell. All mammals, even those that lay eggs, feed their young with  milk produced in mammary glands.

Young mammals are usually quite helpless for a long time after being born.

Stay with their mother or both parents for an extended time.

Biology: Birds

What Is a Bird?

Source: Wikipedia

A bird is an endothermic vertebrate that has feathers and a four-chambered heart, and lays eggs. Birds have scales on their feet and legs, most birds can fly.

The bodies of birds are adapted for flight.
The bones of a bird's forelimbs form wings. Many of a bird's bones are nearly hollow.
Flying birds have large chest muscles that move the wings.
Feathers are a major adaptation that help birds fly.

Feathers

Source: Bird Academy

Feathers are a major adaptation that help birds fly.

A contour feather is one of the large feathers that give shape to a bird's body. The long contour feathers that extend beyond the body on the wings and tail are called flight feathers. When a bird flies, these feathers help it balance and steer.

Down feathers are specialized to trap heat and keep the bird warm. Down feathers are found right next to a bird's skin.
Down feathers are soft and flexible.

Food

Source: dixonapbio-taxonomywiki-2016

Birds have no teeth. To capture, grip, and handle food, birds primarily use their bills.

Many birds have an internal storage tank, or crop, that allows them to store food inside the body after swallowing it.

Delivering Oxygen to Cells

Birds have a system of air sacs in their body that connects to the lungs. The air sacs enable birds to extract much more oxygen from each breath of air than other animals can.

Birds have hearts with four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.

Nervous System and Senses

In order to fly, birds must have very quick reactions

A bird can react quickly because of its well-developed brain and finely tuned senses of sight and hearing.

Diversity of Birds

In addition to adaptations for flight, birds have adaptations - such as the shapes of their legs, claws, and bills - for living in widely diverse environments.

Biology: Reptiles

Protection from Drying Out

A reptile is an ectothermic vertebrate that has lungs and scaly skin.

Reptile can spend their entire lives on dry land.

About 7000 kinds of reptiles are alive today, but they are only a tiny fraction of a group that once dominated the land.

The eggs, skin, and kidneys of reptiles are adapted to conserve water.

An Egg With a Shell

A reptile's egg has a shell and membranes that protect the developing embryo and help keep it from drying out. Reptiles lay their eggs on dry land. Reptile eggs are soft and leathery.

Skin and Kidneys

Reptile have dry, tough skins covered with scales. This scaly skin protects reptiles and helps keep water in their bodies.

The kidneys of reptiles concentrate the urine so that they lose very little water.

Obtaining Oxygen from the Air

Most reptiles breathe entirely with lungs.

The hearts of most reptiles have three chambers - two atria one ventricle.

Lizards

Source: San Diego ZOO

Most reptiles alive today are either lizards or snakes.

Both have skin covered with overlapping scales.

They shed their skins and live in warm areas.

Lizards have four legs, usually with claws on the toes.

They have long tails, slender bodies, movable eyelids and external ears.

A few lizards, are herbivores that eat leaves. Most lizards are carnivores that capture food by jumping at it.

Snakes

Source: San Diego ZOO

Snakes are able to live in almost every sort of habitat, from deserts to swamps.

Snakes have no legs, eyelids, or external ears, and most snakes have only one lung.

Snakes move by contracting, or shortening, bands of muscles that are connected to their ribs and back bones.

All snakes are carnivores.

The bones of a snake's skull can move to let the snake swallow an animal much larger in diameter than itself.

Turtles

Source: San Diego ZOO

A turtle is a reptile whose body is covered by a protective shell, which is made from the turtle's ribs and backbone.

The bony plates of the shell are covered by large scales made from the same material as the skin's scales.

The largest turtles are carnivores.

Alligators and Crocodiles

Source: San Diego ZOO

Alligators have broad, rounded snouts, with only a few teeth visible.

Crocodiles have pointed snouts, and you can see most of their teeth. Both alligators and crocodiles spend much of their days resting in the sun or lying in the water.

Alligators have broad, rounded snouts, with only a few teeth visible.

Crocodiles have pointed snouts, and you can see most of their teeth. Both alligators and crocodiles spend much of their days resting in the sun or lying in the water.

Alligators and crocodiles are carnivores that hunt mostly at night.

Unlike most other reptiles, crocodiles and alligators care for their eggs and newly hatched young. For as long as a year, mother stays near her young.

Chemia: Kwas Siarkowy (IV)

Source: Chemia - Gimnazjum 

SO₂ + H₂O ⟶ H₂SO₃

Właściwości fizyczne

• ciecz
• bezbarwny

Właściwości chemiczne

• nieorganiczny kwas tlenowy
• ma właściwości bielące
• nietrwały - łatwo ulega rozkładowi
• ma charakterystyczny zapach tlenku siarki (IV)
• trujący

Znaczenie i zastosowania tlenku siarki (IV)
i kwasu siarkowego (IV)

Przemysł włókienniczy i papierniczy 

Kwas siarkowy (IV) i tlenek siarki (IV) mają właściwości bielące, dlatego kwas siarkowy (IV) stosuje się np. do bielenia wełny i papieru.

Przemysł chemiczny

H₂SO₃ stosuje się do produkcji innych kwasów: HCl, H₃PO₄, HF.

Rolnictwo

Kwas siarkowy (IV) wykorzystuje się do produkcji nawozów sztucznych.

Dezynfekcja

Właściwości bakteriobójcze H₂SO₃ są wykorzystywane w dezynfekcji beczek przeznaczonych do przechowywania wina lub kiszonek oraz pomieszczeń gospodarczych (np. piwnic) i hodowlanych (np. stajni, kurników).

Chemia: Kwas Siarkowy (VI)

Source: Chemia - Gimnazjum 

SO₃ + H₂O ⟶ H₂SO₄

Tlenek kwasowy - najczęściej tlenek niemetalu, który w reakcji z wodą tworzy kwas. Wartościowość niemetalu w kwasie i w tym tlenku jest taka sama.

Kwas tlenowy - kwas, którego cząsteczka zawiera atomy tlenu.

Właściwości fizyczne

• oleista ciecz
• bezbarwny
• ma gęstość większą od gęstości wody
• higroskopijny 

Właściwości chemiczne

• nieorganiczny kwas tlenowy
• bezwonny
• żrący
• zwęgla substancje organiczne

Zastosowania kwasu siarkowego (VI)

Akumulator ołowiowy

Elektrolitem jest roztwór H₂SO₄.

Przemysł farmaceutyczny

Przy użyciu H₂SO₄ produkuje się wiele leków, np. polopirynę.

Tworzywa sztuczne

Włókno, do którego produkcji wykorzystuje się kwas siarkowy (VI), to jedwab sztuczny. Wytwarza się z niego najdelikatniejsze tkaniny. Trudno je odróżnić od tkanin z jedwabiu naturalnego.

Motoryzacja

Karoserie samochodów przed malowaniem oczyszcza się roztworem H₂SO₄.

Przemysł petrochemiczny

H₂SO₄ jest używany do oczyszczania olejów, nafty i parafiny oraz do osuszania gazów.

Środki czystości

H₂SO₄ stosuje się do produkcji środków piorących i myjących.

Chemia: Kwas Siarkowodorowy

Source: Chemia - Gimnazjum

H₂ + S ⟶ H₂S

Właściwości fizyczne

• ciecz
• bezbarwny

Właściwości chemiczne

• nieorganiczny kwas beztlenowy
• wydziela ostry zapach zgniłych jaj
• trujący

Zastosowania siarkowodoru i kwasu siarkowodorowego

medycyna 

W uzdrowiskach, np. w Szczawnicy i Krynicy Zdroju, kwas siarkowodorowy jest składnikiem wód leczniczych.

przemysł chemiczny 

Siarkowodór jest stosowany do produkcji siarki.

przemysł kosmetyczny

Kwas siarkowodorowy wykorzystuje się do produkcji depilatorów chemicznych.

laboratoria chemiczne 

H₂S(ag) stosuje się do wykrywania jonów niektórych metali.

English: Verbs

Mind Map created by Jas C-W with GoConqr

Biology: Amphibians

Gills to Lungs

Source: National Geographic Kids

An amphibian is an ectothermic vertebrate that spends its early life in water.

Amphibian (double life)

After beginning their life in water, most amphibians spend their adulthood on land, returning to water to reproduce.

Most amphibians lay their eggs in water. Amphibian eggs hatch into larvae that swim and have gills for obtaining oxygen. As they undergo metamorphosis and become adults, most amphibians lose their gills and acquire lungs. Adult amphibians also obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide through their thin, moist skin.

Amphibian Circulation

Source: Natural History on the Net

The hearts of most amphibians have three inner spaces, or chambers. The two upper chambers of the heart, called atria, receive blood.

From the atria, blood moves into the lower chamber, the ventricle, which pumps blood out to the lungs and body.

Reproduction and Development

Source: Education.com

Most amphibians undergo metamorphosis. Hind legs appear first, accompanied by changes in the skeleton, circulatory system, and digestive system. Later the front legs appear. At about the same time, tadpole loses its gills and starts to breathe with its lungs.

Getting Around on Land

Most adult amphibians have strong skeletons and muscular limbs adapted for movement on land. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to have legs.

Although most tadpoles are herbivores, most adult frogs and toads are predators that feed on insects or other small animals.

English: Nouns

Biology: Fishes

A fish is a vertebrate that lives in the water and has fins, which are structures used for moving.
Most fishes are ectotherms, obtain oxygen through gills, and have scales.

Nearly half of all vertebrate species are fishes.

Obtaining Oxygen

Source: todayifoundout.com

Fishes get their oxygen from water. The water, which contains oxygen, moves through openings in the fish's throat region that lead to the gills.
As water flows over the gills, oxygen moves from the water into the fish's blood, while carbon dioxide, which is a waste product, moves out of the blood and into the water. After flowing over the gills, water leaves the fish by flowing out through slits beneath the gill covers.

Fishes have a closed circulatory system.
The heart  of a fish pumps blood in one continuous loop - from the heart to the gills, from the gills to the rest of the body, and back to the heart.

How Fishes Reproduce

Source: TES

Most fishes have external fertilization.
The eggs are fertilized outside of the female's body. The male hovers close to the female and spreads a cloud of sperm over the eggs as she releases them.

Internal fertilization, in which the eggs are fertilized inside the female's body. The young fish then develop inside her body.

Fishes Without Jaws

Source: Wikipedia

Biologists classify fishes into three major groups: jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes. They are distinguished from one another by the structure of their mouths and the types of skeletons they have.

Modern jawless fishes have no scales. Their skeletons are made of cartilage, and they do not have pairs of fins. Their mouths do not have jaws.
The mouths of jawless fishes have structures for scraping, stabbing, and sucking.

Hagfishes and lampreys are the only kinds of jawless fishes.
Many lampreys are parasites of other fishes.

Cartilaginous Fishes

Source: Wikipedia

Sharks, rays, and skates are cartilaginous fishes.

The skeletons of these fishes are made of cartilage.

They have jaws and pairs of fins. Pointed, toothlike scales cover their bodies.

Cartilaginous fishes are all carnivores.

Bony Fishes

Source: National Geographic 

Most familiar kinds of fishes have skeletons made of hard bone. Their bodies are covered with scales, and a pocket on each side of the head holds the fish's gills.

Most bony fishes have an organ called a swim bladder, an internal gas-filled sac that helps the fish stabilize its body at different depths.

A fish has greater buoyancy when the volume of gases in its swim bladder is large than when the gas volume is small. By adjusting its buoyancy as it moves in the water, a fish can float at different depths without using a large amount of energy.