Biology: Advances in genetics

Methods that people have used to develop new organisms with desirable traits are:

• Selective breeding
              selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation.
• Inbreeding
              crossing two individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles. The new organisms are very similar to those of their parents.
• Hybridization
              crossing two genetically different individuals. The hybrid organism that results is bred  to have the best traits from both parents.
• Cloning
             a clone is an organism that is genetically identical to the original organism it was produced from. A clone  has exactly the the same genes as the parent organism.
• Genetic Engineering
             in this  process genes from one organism are transferred into the DNA of another organism.

Dolly, the first cloned sheep.
Source: Daily Mail

The Human Genome Project:
A genome is all the DNA in one cell of an organism.
The main goal of the Human Genome Project is to identify the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome.

Airbus Families

A350XWB

A350-800

Range: 15,200km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 280

Max Payload: 12.95t

Wing Span: 64.75m

Overall length: 60.54m

Height: 17.05m
Engine: 2x RR Trent XWB
Max fuel capacity: 138,000L

A350-900

Range: 15,000km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 325

Max Payload: 16t

Wing Span: 64.75m

Overall length: 66.8m

Height: 17.05m
Engine: 2x RR Trent XWB
Max fuel capacity: 138,000L

A350-1000

Range: 14,800km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 366

Max Payload: 20.89t

Wing Span: 64.75m

Overall length: 73.78m

Height: 17.08m
Engine: 2x RR Trent XWB
Max fuel capacity: 156,000L

A380

Range: 15,200km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 544

Max Payload: - t

Wing Span: 79.75m

Overall length: 72.72m

Height: 24.09m
Engine: 4x GP 7200, or RR Trent 900
Max fuel capacity: 320,000L

A320

A318

Range: 5,750km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 107

Max Payload: 11.1t

Wing Span: 34.10m

Overall length: 31.44m

Height: 12.56m
Engine: 2x PW6000A, or CFM56-5B
Max fuel capacity: 24,210L

A319

Range: 6,950km (with Sharklets)

Passengers (Typical Seating): 124

Max Payload: 13.2t

Wing Span: 35.80m

Overall length: 33.84m

Height: 11.76m
Engine: 2x CFM56-5B, or V2500-A5
Max fuel capacity: 30,190L

A320

Range: 6,100km (with Sharklets)

Passengers (Typical Seating): 150

Max Payload: 16.6t

Wing Span: 35.80m

Overall length: 37.57m

Height: 11.76m
Engine: 2x V2500-A5, or CFM56-5B
Max fuel capacity: 27,200L

A321

Range: 5,950km (with Sharklets)

Passengers (Typical Seating): 185

Max Payload: 21.2t

Wing Span: 35.80m

Overall length: 44.51m

Height: 11.76m
Engine: 2x V2500-A5, or CFM56-5B
Max fuel capacity: 30,030L

A330

A330-200

Range: 13,450km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 247

Max Payload: 36,4t

Wing Span: 60.30m-]

Overall length: 58.82m

Height: 17.39m
Engine: 2x PW4000, GE CF6-80E1, or RR Trent 700-]
Max fuel capacity: 139,090L

A330-300

Range: 11,750km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 277

Max Payload: 45.9t

Wing Span: 60.30m

Overall length: 63.69m

Height: 16.83m
Engine: 2x PW4000, GE CF6-80E1, or RR Trent 700
Max fuel capacity: 97,530L

A340

A340-200

Range: 12,400km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 261

Max Payload: 30.8t

Wing Span: 60.30m

Overall length: 59.4m

Height: 16.80m
Engine: 4x CFM56-5C4/P
Max fuel capacity: 155,040L

A340-300

Range: 13,500km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 277

Max Payload: 43.5t

Wing Span: 60.30m

Overall length: 63.69m

Height: 16.91m
Engine: 4x CFM56-5C4/P
Max fuel capacity: 140,640L

A340-500

Range: 16,670km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 293

Max Payload: 43.3t

Wing Span:63.45m

Overall length: 67.93m

Height: 17.28m
Engine: 4x RR Trent 500
Max fuel capacity: 215,260L

A340-600

Range: 14,450km

Passengers (Typical Seating): 326

Max Payload: 55.6t

Wing Span:63.45m

Overall length: 75.36m

Height: 17.22m
Engine: 4x RR Trent 500
Max fuel capacity: 195,520L

With all the information above i made this small project:

All information and images above are from Airbus.com

Biology: Walter Sutton and inheritance

Walter Sutton

Walter Sutton - (1877-1916) was an American geneticist who studied the cells of grasshoppers. He was trying to figure out how sex cells form. During his studies, he examined  sex cells many different stages of formation. He was interested in the movement of chromosomes during the formation of sex cells. He said that chromosomes were the key to understanding how offspring come to have traits similar to those of their parents.
Chromosomes carry Mendel's hereditary factors, from one generation to the next. In other words, genes are located on chromosomes.

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 

Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes.

Meiosis is the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells-sperm and eggs.
During meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two different cells. The resulting sex cells have only half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism.

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together like beads on a string.
Although humans have only 23 pairs chromosomes, your body cells contain more than 60,000 genes. Each of the genes controls a particular trait.

Physics: Friction and Gravity

The strength of the force of friction depends on two factors: the types of surfaces involved and how hard the surfaces push together.

There are different kinds of friction:

• sliding friction - when one solid surface slides over another.
• rolling friction - when a object rolls over a surface.
• fluid friction - when an object moves through a fluid. 

Gravity

Free fall - when the only force acting on a falling object is gravity.

Terminal velocity -  the maximum velocity a falling object achieves.

Newton's First and Second Law of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion

Law of inertia

An object at rest will remain at rest and an object that is moving at constant velocity will continue moving at constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The net force on an object is the product of its acceleration and its mass.

F = ma

F - Force

m - mass

a - acceleration 

1N = 1kg ✕ 1m/s²

Biology: Gregor Mendel - intro to genetics

Trait: A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

Gene: A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

Alleles: The different forms of gene.

Dominant alleles: An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

Recessive alleles: An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present.

Hybrid: An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (heterozygous organism).

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Austrian scientist, priest, teacher. He studied genetics with his pea plants in the monastery. And wrote a report why some peas are tall and some are short.  Back in his days no one believed his theory. Now he is considered the father of modern genetics.

Chemistry: Nonmetals

Physical Properties

The physical properties of nonmetals are opposite to those that characterize metals. 

• Many of the nonmetals are gasses at room temperature
• They have low boiling points
• Carbon and Iodine are solids at room temperature
• Bromine is the only liquid at room temperature 

Chemical Properties

• The atoms of the nonmetals (except for the ones in group 18) can react with other atoms, leading to the formation of compounds.

Compounds of Nonmetals

• Nonmetals can also form compounds with other nonmetals
• The atoms share electrons and become bonded together into molecules, such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
• When the molecules contain only two atoms, they are called diatomic molecules (O₂, N₂, H₂)
• Some nonmetal elements also form diatomic molecules