Chemia - Reakcje utleniania-redukcji

jako szczególny przypadek reakcji wymiany

• Utlenianie - przyłączanie tlenu do reduktora
• Redukcja - odłączanie tlenu od utleniacza
• Utleniacz - pierwiastek chemiczny (w związku chemicznym), od którego odłącza się tlen (redukuje się).
• Reduktor - pierwiastek chemiczny, który przyłącza tlen (utlenia się)

Biology: Discovering cells

CELL THEORY

• All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living in living things
• All cells are produced from other cells

MICROSCOPES OVER TIME 

Source: Optics & Binoculars

1590 - First Compound Microscope
1660 - Hooke's Compound Microscope
1683 - Leeuwenhoek's Simple Microscope
1886 - Modern Compound Light Microscope
1933 - Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
1965 - Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
1981 - Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

Biology: Living Things

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

1. Made of cells 
• unicellular-single-celled organisms (bacteria)
• multicellular composed of many cells
2. Cells are composed of chemicals:
• water
• carbohydrates - energy source
• protein - building materials
• lipids - building materials
• nudeic acids - genetic material
3. Use energy for growth and repair
4. Grow and develop
5. Respond to their surroundings:
• stimulus - changes in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react
• response - an action or change in behavior
6. The ability to reproduce or produce offspring that are similar to the parents

My sister, Ania, made this.

THE NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS

1. Energy
• food is a source of energy 
• plants are autotrophs - they make their own food - by capturing sun's  energy and using it with carbon dioxide
• heterotrophs - can't make their own food they obtain energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs. Animals are heterotrophs.
2. Water
• it's needed to obtain chemicals from surroundings
• break up food 
• grow
• move substances within the body
• reproduce
3. Living space
• a place to get food and water and find shelter
4. Stable internal conditions (homeostasis)